Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand born physicist, discovered the nucleus of the atom as a small, dense and positively charged atomic core. According to him, there was a small positively charged centre surrounded by circulating electrons in orbits. This discovery was made through a series of experiments called Geiger- Marsden or the Gold Foil Experiment. But there were some drawbacks to Rutherford’s atomic model.
These drawbacks of Rutherford’s Atomic Model led to significant discoveries in the future.
What was the Atomic Model Presented by Rutherford?
Thousands of years back, before Rutherford described the structure of an atom, ancient Greek Philosopher Democritus, around 450 BC, spoke of the atom as the smallest indivisible particle. He formulated the word “Atomos”, which meant ‘uncut’. Later, many philosophers and scientists like Galileo, Newton, Boyle, and Lavoisier explored the idea of an atom. In 1808, British Chemist John Dalton, the father of modern atomic theory, said that matter was made of atoms.
In 1897 British Physicist J.J Thompson discovered the negatively charged electrons within an atom and proposed the Plum Pudding Model of Atoms. But this model failed to explain the atomic structure of elements.
Earnest Rutherford, assisted by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, conducted the Gold Foil Experiment in 1911, which helped him postulate the Rutherford Atomic Model. A thin sheet of gold foil of 100 nm thickness was bombarded with alpha particles from a radioactive source. A screen made of Zinc Sulphide was placed around the gold foil to study the extent of the deflection of the alpha particles when they hit the Zinc Sulphide screen. The trajectory of the alpha particles was then carefully observed by observing the scintillations they produced on the screen.
Rutherford experiment resulted in the following observations:
Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model:
The following drawbacks to the Rutherford Model could be observed:
Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model:
Conclusion
In this way, the model acted as a catalyst for more remarkable changes to be observed in the patterns of the atom and the way its protons and electrons behaved. This ultimately led to improved experiments and models where such patterns could be correctly identified.
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